Summary of Molecule bonds, Amino and Nucleic Acids, Proteins Assignment

Summary of Molecule bonds, Amino and Nucleic Acids, Proteins - Assignment Example More generally, bonds may be intermolecular (between atoms in different molecules) or intra molecular (atom to atom bonds within the same molecule). Different theories (such as valence theory and molecular orbital theory) have been used to describe chemical bonds. They are viewed as being complementary with each theory best explaining certain aspects of the bonds. The use of these theories has led to the creation of different molecules through the various bonding processes. Additionally, there are means to visualize the bonding. One of the most popular bonding diagrams is the Lewis Dot Style. In this type of diagram, the chemical symbol of the atom is drawn with up to eight electrons drawn around it as dots (two on each side, top, and bottom). Bonds are displayed according to the arrangement of electrons being shared or attracted. 2. Amino and Nucleic Acids Amino acids are a class of chemicals that contain both an amine and a carboxyl (or carboxylic acid) group. All amino acids follo w a general chemical formula of H2NCHRCOOH, where â€Å"R† is used as a variable to refer to one of many possible side groups. These groups can be as small as one molecule but can also grow quite large. The name and functional of amino acids are closely related to the side group. Accordingly, an alternate name for the side group is functional group. All proteins are made from a chain of amino acids. The number of amino acids contained in the protein, as well as their order, is specific to that protein and results in the protein’s shape. A group of twenty amino acids are drawn from to make up all the proteins of the body. Along with amino acids, nucleic acids are a type of large molecule (macromolecule) that is extremely important for life to occur. All nucleic acids are made up of smaller structures called nucleotides (molecules with a nitrogen base, phosphate group, and a sugar group containing five carbons). The sequence of nucleotides will determine the type of nucl eic acid that is formed. Two of the most essential types of nucleic acids (as related to life) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These structures are responsible for containing and transcribing genetic information. This information is then used to instruct many processes within the body, including the construction of proteins. Amino and nucleic acids are robust in living creatures. Together they enable the transport, encoding, decoding, and execution of genetic processes. Certain kinds of each compound can be synthesized in the laboratory for research and various treatment purposes (both potential and realized). 3. Proteins Amino acids can form long chains known as polypeptides (partially named for the peptide bond that forms between amino acids) that can become proteins on their own or in combination with other polypeptides. Proteins are found in muscle and therefore the meat of many animals. These large molecules fill many important roles in the body, inc luding strengthening bones, acting as hormones, cellular structure, and as important participants in cellular signaling. Protein is an important part of the animal diet, as it is broken down and used to form other compounds such as the amino acids that make other proteins. Some

Coursework 8 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

8 - Coursework Example For example, the inhabitants could have cooperated and authorized this as a rule to be followed by all. 6.1: A top down hierarchy came up, under a king’s supervision. Common-pool resources were managed according to tradition and rituals as a means of avoiding overexploitation. However, the traditions did not materialize. 6.2: Group cooperation among societies disintegrated into competition and mutual suspicion. For instance, the reciprocity and trust among tribes disintegrated just like the king’s autonomy to give orders and enforcing them (Diamond, 1995). B. 1. Due to overpopulation, there was deforestation, which in turn led to soil erosion and nutrient leaching, soil evaporation, wind damage, and final crop yield reduction. This meant that food was insufficient to sustain the population as a result of low harvest and competition for the same. There was also class conflict, where the king was accused of the incapability to avert environmental collapse. Power was then assumed by the warrior class. Jointly, destabilization and inadequate response to circumstances as well as the deterioration of resources combined to cause collapse. 2. Just like Islanders, the current human population struggles to balance between preventing the harmful effects of practices like deforestation, soil erosion, and energy conservation. Most societies in the developing world are overpopulated and this continues to be a challenge to the limited amount of food produced. The historical account of Easter Island serves as a warning sign in regard to the need to address environmental issues in such a way that, it illustrates how lack of thoughtful environmental stewardship and careful planning can lead to failure of sustainable management of

Challenges That Face Democracy In Malaysia Politics Essay

Challenges That Face Democracy In Malaysia Politics Essay The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled in society are the essential of human dignity. The rights of human cannot replace nor can be against each other. Socialists protect the rights of Malaysia citizen and protect individual safety, freedom of belief, free expression of opinion, and freedom of association and protection from torment and humiliation. Socialists are devoted to achieving freedom from hunger and wants from Malaysia citizen, actual community security and the rights to work. The countrywide struggles for democratic socialism for the years revealed differences in policy and difference on legislative provisions. These reflect the different histories and pluralism of diverse societies. Socialists do not possess the proposal for a fixed and decisive society, which cannot be changed, reformed or supplementary developed. Solidarity is the influential weapon in the struggle against unkindness and unfairness and it embraces all the citizen in Malaysia. Equality is the precondition of free development of personality. It does not mean regularity and levelling out, but opposition against exploitation and against the rights of those controlling economic and political authority. There must be equal rights and opportunities for the different cultures within each society as well as equal right to use for everyone in Malaysia. Democratic socialism uphold the authority to rule and anxiety for the well-being of people of all classes, the right to a civilized and hygienic environment, the right to inclusive education and training, as well as the ability to contribute in administration and all decision-making processes. Democratic party Malaysia Around 50 years ago, Malaysia began practising parliamentary democracy when the first post-independence general election was held in 1959. An important aspect of the democratic system is elections. Elections in the practice of democracy constitute a social contract between the people and the candidate or party that succeeds to form a government. Barisan National (coalition) United Malays National Organization The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu in Malay, is the largest political party in Malaysia and a founding member of the Barisan Nasional coalition, which has ruled the country uninterrupted since independence. After the British returned to Malaya in the aftermath of World War II, the independence movement started to take wing to oppose the British plan of a Malayan Union. A series of Malay congresses were held, culminating in the formation of UMNO on May 11, 1946 at the Third Malay Congress in Johor Bahru, with Datuk Onn Jaafar at its head. However, membership in UMNO was and continues to be limited to members of the Malay (bumiputra) race, and Onn Jaafars attempt to change this policy and the partys name into the United Malaya National Organisation was rejected in 1951. Onn Jaafar resigned in protest, but his role was taken up by Tunku Abdul Rahman who steered the country to independence in 1957. Malaysian Chinese Association The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) is a political party in Malaysia, made up of Malaysian Chinese and one of the three major parties that make up the ruling Barisan Nasional, or National Front. Along with the larger UMNO and the smaller Malaysian Indian Congress, the MCA has a heavy influence on the politics of the country. Through its holding company Huaren Holdings, the MCA also controls five significant newspapers: The Star, Malaysias best-selling English newspaper; Sin Chew Jit Poh, the best-selling Chinese newspaper; and smaller Chinese dailies China Press, Nanyang Siang Pau, and Guang Ming. The Malaysian Chinese Association was formed on 27 Feb 1949 with Sir Tun Tan Cheng Lock as the inaugural President. The MCA is form to safeguard democracy and freedom of the citizen in Malaysia safeguard the legitimate rights of the Chinese community. The party desire to strive for equal status for all races in the country and uphold social justice. In addition, MCA is to promote racial harmony and national unity and national economic and social development Malaysian Indian Congress The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) is one of the oldest political parties of Malaysia, established in August 1946. It was established in the cause of the continuing struggle of the inter-war tears, to end British Colonial rule, as well as in the require for representation on behalf of Indian Community in the post war development of the country. Its founder President was John A. Thivy (1946-1947). The Party was committed to the attainment of freedom and democracy for the country. Besides that, MIC desires to build a positive inter-racial harmony and cooperation. General prosperity and stability of the country and a fair share for the Indian community in the future of the country also the attainment that MIC want to accomplish. Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia was founded in 1968. Since then, the party have been growing from strength to strength despite external constraints and internal problems. Through sincere leadership, practical strategies and non-communal approaches, the party have been successful in obtaining support to strive for a democratic united Malaysia characterized by racial harmony, social justice, economic equality, political democracy and cultural liberalism. As a relatively young party, the party has encountered moments of triumph and suffering in the struggle. The current leader of Gerakan is Tan Sri Dr. Koh Tsu Koon who won the post of President uncontested in the 2008 party elections. As of 2006[update], about 80% of Gerakans members are ethnic Chinese, another 15% are Indian, and the rest are Malays or other races. The PGRM have been complimented as well as criticized. But all the same, the party never faltered in faith. Integrity and ability have again and again been proven through deeds and words, both internal and outside the government sphere. The receptivity to peoples criticism and advice, and sensitivity to the citizen needs and aspirations are the two major elements that make the party a dynamic and resilient political force in the national arena. The party suffered its worst electoral defeat in the 2008 General Election, which saw the party retaining only two parliament seats, compared to the 10 seats it had before the election. As a result, the party lost its only cabinet post in the ensuing cabinet shuffle. In addition, Gerakan also lost power in Penang after governing the state for almost 39 years. Liberal Democratic Party (Malaysia) The Liberal Democratic Party is a Chinese political party originally founded in the town of Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia by Hiew Min Kong in 1989. The party is considered a minor political party in Malaysia, having its base mainly in Sabah. Its sole parliamentary seat in the Dewan Rakyat is the Sandakan seat which was won by the partys president, Liew Vui Keong in the 2008 General Elections under the Barisan Nasional ticket. The objectives of Liberal Democratic Party Sabah are to honour and protect the Constitution of Malaysia and to uphold the principles of the Rukun Negara. To strive for and establish a fair and equal society regardless of racial origin or belief and to inspire into the people the spirit of mutual respect, tolerance and friendliness in a multi-racial, multi-cultural and multi-religious society. LDP wish to eliminate corruption in all forms in the Government and to ensure the establishment of a government fully accountable to the people. LDP safeguard the interests of Sabah within the context of Malaysia and co-operate with other political organisations with similar aims and objectives on a Malaysian basis in joint political activities. Top of Form Barisan Alternatif (coalition) Democratic Action Party The DAP or Democratic Action Party was founded on 18th March 1966. Using its symbol of the Rocket, the DAP had contested in 10 general elections from 1969 to 2008. The vision of the party is to create a peaceful and successful social democracy that can unite the different races and diverse religions and cultures based on a Malaysian Malaysia concept by forging Malaysian race with universal moral values and offering equal rights and opportunity. The party is democratic governance and rule of law and creating wealth and distributing wealth equitably. The party is fighting against corruption as well The DAP is committed to the fight for a free, democratic socialist Malaysian Malaysia, based on the principles of human rights, equality, social and economic justice, and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy. As democratic socialists or social democrats, the party is desire a social environment whereby there can be liberated development of the human personality within the community. As a member of Socialist International (SI), DAP is one with democratic socialists or social democrats throughout the world fighting for the cause of humanity and social democracy. DAP is in solidarity with oppressed peoples who oppose unjust wars and production of weapons for war and who advocate peace and prosperity based on equal co-operation aided by scientific knowledge and technical advancement. Early electoral successes and related events The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969. In line with their commitment to equality, the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputra privileges, such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution. Article 153 is one of the most controversial articles in the Malaysian constitution. Critics consider it to create an unnecessary and racialist distinction between Malaysians of different ethnic backgrounds, because it has led to the implementation of affirmative action policies which only benefit the Bumiputra, who comprise a majority of the population. They also continued Lee Kuan Yews campaign for a Malaysian Malaysia, the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament: Malaysia to whom does it belong? To Malaysians. But who are Malaysians? I hope I am, Mr Speaker, Sir. But sometimes, sitting in this chamber, I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian. The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats, with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains. The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia (before 2008), and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power. However, a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence, and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the May 13 Incident. Parliament was suspended for two years, and the executive branch of the government assumed power. When Parliament reconvened, it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that illegalised discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution. Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges, such as Article 153. The DAP and the Peoples Progressive Party (PPP) were the only parties that voted against the Act, which passed by a vote of 125 to 17. After the 1969 election, the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years. Although the DAP remained a major opposition party, the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority. The DAP, however, continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges, giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia. During the Mahathir administration in 1987, several DAP leaders, including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang, were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang, under the accusation of being a national security threat. It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy (NEP). KeADILan The Peoples Justice Party of Malaysia (KeADILan) is the only multi-racial, multi-ethnic political party in Malaysia calling for widespread political reform and advocating for social justice for all Malaysians.   KeADILan believes good governance and accountability of public servants is the cornerstone of the Malaysian democracy and as such has been outspoken against the excesses of the current government, which is seen to be beholden to special interests and cronyism.   Borne in the upheaval of the 1998 movement known as Reformasi, the National Justice Party (NJP) headed by Dr. Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, the wife of former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, captured five seats in Parliament solidifying the young partys role in national politics. In 2003 the NJP merged with the Malaysian Peoples Party to form the Peoples Justice Party, still headed by Dr. Wan Azizah. A true reflection of Malaysias multi-ethnic population, KeADILans ranks are filled with Malays, Indians and Chinese dedicated to building a prosperous Malaysia wedded to the principles of freedom and democracy.   KeADILan is dedicated to overcoming generations of race-based politics which have prevented Malaysia from realizing its potential as a diverse society.   This year KeADILan has experienced a surge in popularity under the leadership of Anwar Ibrahim and in light of widespread public dissatisfaction with the current Malaysian government.   General elections are anticipated in 2008 and KeADILan is slated to make substantial gains at the polls. Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party commonly known as PAS or Pas, is an Islamist political party in Malaysia and is currently headed by Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang. PAS positions itself as a political party that aims to establish Malaysia as a country based on Islamic legal theory derived from the primary sources of Islam, the Quran, Sunnah as well as Hadiths, as opposed to Barisan Nasionals Islam Hadhari, which PAS sees as based on a watered-down understanding of Islam. The party enjoys strong support from the northern rural and conservative states such as Kelantan and Terengganu. It is also the first opposition party in independent Malaysias history to defeat the Barisan Nasional coalition in a Malay dominated state. PAS, together with Parti KeADILan Rakyat (known as PKR), and Democratic Action Party (known as DAP) formed part of a coalition called Pakatan Rakyat following the 2008 election. Together, Pakatan Rakyat now controls four states in Malaysia which are Kelantan, Kedah, Selangor and Penang. Criticisms towards UMNO-led Barisan National government PAS often opposed and criticised the Barisan Nasional coalition. However, for a brief period from 1973 to 1978, under the leadership of Asri Muda, PAS was brought into the BN fold.The Islamic opposition party often alleges that the economic and social problems of Malaysians and Malay-Muslims are the fault of the UMNO-dominated Barisan Nasional federal government in Kuala Lumpur. PAS claims that after independence, social problems such as drugs, corruption and promiscuity have increased and blames the UMNO-led government for allowing these problems to arise. PAS is of the view that its leadership can overcome these perceived problems for the benefit of the Muslim and non-Muslim electorate alike by establishing an Islamic state. Pakatan Rakyat Pakatan Rakyat or PR (English: Peoples Pact / Peoples Alliance) is an informal Malaysian political coalition formed on April 1, 2008. The political coalition comprises a group of Malaysian political parties, namely, the Peoples Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party (DAP), and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), who collectively worked together in what was colloquially called the Barisan Rakyat (Peoples Front) during the 12th Malaysian general election in 2008. In the 10th General Election, they had formed the Barisan Alternatif (Alternative Front). Each political party in Peoples Alliance has its own ideology; PKR promotes its ideals that revolve around social justice and anti-corruption themes, PAS with its aim to establish Malaysia as a nation based on Islamic legal theory and DAP with its secular, multi-racial, social democratic ideals. Pakatan Rakyat is to be collectively led and managed, by all three parties and pledges to uphold the rights and interests of all Malaysians. With the establishment of the Pakatan Rakyat coalition, the state governments of Kelantan, Kedah, Penang and Selangor are known as the Pakatan Rakyat state governments.

Only A Surfer Knows The Feeling :: essays research papers

Only a Surfer Knows the Feeling There is a guy from Hawaii that I know. Every day, he wakes up, straps his surfboards to the racks on top of his car, drives his car from a town called Ewa, across the island of Oahu, to a little beach known as Ala Moana Beach Park. He does all of this even before the sun comes up. He spends a few minutes just looking at the ocean, watching and surveying the waves and how they break. As soon as the sun makes its first peek over the horizon, he grabs a board, waxes it up, and jumps in the water. He then paddles his board through what many people call a journey: two hundred yards of dark cold water, blistering currents, and waves pushing back against each stroke made to push forward. He makes this journey to get to a point right past where all the waves break, to a point called the line-up. It’s here, where he waits for a wave that he catches back towards the shore, only to make the journey back through all the cold harsh currents and waves again. He catches a few waves, and the n catches one all the way back to shore, where he showers, gets dressed and then goes off to work. He has one of the most stressful jobs I can think of. He is a counselor at one of the local shelters for teenage runaways. He deals with teen depression, suicidal tendencies, and coordinates bringing these kids back together with their families. And even though these tasks aren’t what most people would want to have to put up with in their lives, he does it every day. Furthermore, as stressful as his job seems to be, this man is one of the mellowest guys that I know. When asked why he does this morning ritual every day, he said, â€Å"surfing helps keep me focused†. And I believe him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Think about it for a moment, each time a surfer goes to a beach, waxes up his board, and surveys the waves from the shore, he is preparing to go into the water to do something quite amazing. This person is willing to test not only his limits, but also the limits of what the ocean can do to him. He wants to battle the power of the entity that covers over seventy percent of the earth, manifested in the form of a wave, and ride it for all its worth.

Macbeth †Kingship Essay

The role of the king in Medieval society was blessed by God and enjoyed almost divine status. The King embodied the moral and social welfare of his subjects and, with this in mind, the theme of Kingship can easily be understood. In the play kingship is so significant a theme that Shakespeare presents four versions of it. Firstly, there is the begin, almost ideal kingship of Duncan, whose murder constitutes the perversion of this ideal. This is followed by the tyrannical reign of the usurper Macbeth. King Edward, though an indirect character, he represents the opposite to Macbeth’s reign of terror, Edward’s represents the capacity for absolute goodness. Finally, speculation remains as to Malcolm’s potential as future King of Scotland. Although a work in process he is the ‘sovereign flower’ and Macbeth is seen as the weed. â€Å"Gracious Duncan† is the first example of a benign and worthy King. From his introduction in Act 1 Scene 2 to his untimely death in Act 2 Scene 2, Duncan appears to have been the ideal King, who exemplified the â€Å"King becoming graces†. He is admired by his subjects for his justice, gratitude, generosity and compassion. He is generous in his praise of those whom he feels have served him well, in particular Macbeth, â€Å"O worthiest cousin/ More is thy due than more all can pay. † However, he is not entirely without fault, his weakness is displayed in his overly-trusting nature that leads to his death. The trust he places in others is noble in a King. Duncan’s murder, therefore, is unnatural, a crime against the course of nature. Yet nevertheless does this stop Macbeth, and he commits regicide and succeeds to the throne as a usurper but no sooner has he killed Duncan does he wish him alive again showing his inner turmoil and guilt as a reluctant criminal ‘wake Duncan with thy knocking, i would thou couldst’. Macbeth’s unlawful accession to the thrown upsets the natural order ‘by the clock ‘tis day, and yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp’ . Macbeth acquires power illegally and abuses it when he has it, to the detriment of his country, killing all those who oppose his rule and speak of fear ‘ send out more horses, skirr the country round, hang those that talk of fear’ . however, he is unhappy in his â€Å"great office. † The achievement of power has not brought him contentment, â€Å"To be thus is nothing but to be safely thus. † His reign, for which he â€Å"play’d most foully† is marked by tyranny, corruption and death, as Scotland â€Å"sinks†. Lennox speaks of the suffering Scotland under Macbeths ower ‘ that a swift blessing may soon return to this our suffering country, under a hand accursed’ . Macbeth is only able to maintain his power only by resorting to murder and terror against his subjects, the murder of Macduff’s family in Act 4 Scene 2 is an astonishing crime caused by his own fears over his place as king. Under his reign, Scotland, â€Å"sinks beneath the yoke/It weeps, it bleeds and each new day/A new gash is added to her wounds. † Edward, King of England, provides a welcome alternative to the cruelty of Macbeth. There is a pointed contrast between Edward and Macbeth. Macbeth used his power for destruction and ruination. However Edward, like Duncan, was chosen by God. He is a true and rightful King and is seen as a saintly force with miraculous cures. ‘speak him full of grace’. He is a fitting opponent to the cruelty of Macbeth. The absolute goodness of King Edward highlights the opposing forces of good and evil in the play. The final image of kingship in the play revolves around Malcolm. His function in the play is highly significant as it is his duty to restore the status quo. As the rightful heir to the throne, the son of a good King and a holy mother, his smooth accession to the throne secures his acceptance by his subjects. Not only does this entitle him to the kingship, but it also promises a beinign reign. However, Malcolm is young and ineffectual and seems a slight figure to dispel the dark cloud of Macbeth’s reign, His hasty departure following the murder of his father was a healthy decision for the survival of his line. Shakespeare allows for Malcolm’s maturing and he quickly grows into his role realising earlier mistakes he has made ‘Unspeak mine own detraction here abjure the taints and blames i laid upon myself, for strangers to my nature’. His caution which he has learned from his fathers mistakes are commendable and desirable in a future king and he displays none of the naivete of his father. He subjects Macduff to an elaborate tests to assure his loyalty to Scotland and he recalls the king-becoming graces, â€Å"Justice, loyalty, temperance, stableness, bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness, devotion, patience, courage, fortitude. † His succession to the throne is significant in restoring the natural order, and it is evident that he will use his power for purposes of good. The future of Scotland looks bright under the new King, . The theme of kingship in the play Macbeth is indeed a crucial one. There seems to be more to attaining power than merely sitting on the throne. One must be a King and inherit rightfully by succession, and thereby prosper with the grace of God. Malcolm, like Edward and Duncan, is the rightful heir to the throne. With the death of Macbeth, and Malcom as the rightful heir , the universal order is finally restored and Scotland will thrive again. Under Macbeth, Scotland suffered and it is clear then that a country’s suffering or prosperity is a direct reflection of the moral nature of its King.

On What Grounds Have Conservatives Supported Tradition and Continuity

To what extent have conservatives supported tradition and continuity? Traditional conservatives place an emphasis on tradition as they believe, according to Edmund Burke that traditional customs and practices in society is ‘God given'. Burke thus believed that society should was shaped by the ‘law of the Creator', or what he called the ‘natural law'. If human beings tamper the world they are challenging the will of God. Burke further described tradition as a partnership between ‘those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born'.Tradition is also revered as it could be argued to proven to work as it has been ‘tested by time', and therefore be preserved for the benefit of the living and for generations to come. Tradition reflects a Darwinian belief that those institutions and customs that have survived have only done so because they have worked and been found to be of value. They have been endorsed by a process of ‘natural select ion' and demonstrated their fitness to survive. Conservatives also respect tradition because it generates, for both society and the individual, a sense of identity. Similar article: Conservatives and PragmatismEstablished customs and practices are ones that individuals can recognize; they are familiar and reassuring. Tradition also generates social cohesion by linking people from the past and providing them with a collective sense of who they are. Change, is unknown and therefore it creates uncertainty and insecurity, and so endangers our happiness. Tradition, therefore, consists of rather more than political institutions that have stood the test of time. Some modern Conservatives have also valued tradition, these include, the ‘one nation' conservatives and the Christian Democrats. One nation' conservatism began in the 19th century when Disraeli coined the term. Disraeli wrote against the background of growing industrialization, economic inequality and, in continental Europe at least, revolutionary upheaval. He tried to draw attention to the danger of Britain being divided into ‘two nations: the Rich and the Poor'. In the best conser vative tradition, Disraeli's argument was based on a combination of prudence and principle. Alternatively, growing social inequality starts revolutions. People would not accept their misery and they would revolt, as Disraeli feared.Revolutions broke out in Europe in 1830 and 1848 seemed to prove this belief. Reform was therefore needed for Britain to prevent the tide of the revolution arriving in Britain and it would protect the interests of the rich. In office, Disraeli was responsible for the Second Reform Act of 1867, which for the first time extended the right to vote to the working class, and for the social reforms that improved housing and hygiene. Disraeli's idea's had a considerable impact on conservatism and contributed to a radical and reforming tradition that appeals to both the pragmatic instincts of conservatives and their social duty.Disraeli's ideas formed the basis of ‘one-nation conservatism'. Randolph Churchill took up Disraeli's ideas in the late 19th centur y and he stressed the need for traditional institutions, e. g. the monarchy, the House of Lords and the church-to enjoy a wider base of social support. One-nation tradition was revived and reached high points in the 1950-60's, when conservative governments in the UK and elsewhere came to practice a version of Keynesian social democracy, working for full employment and enlarging welfare provision.Harold Macmillan explained it in ‘The Middle Way' and he promoted ‘planned capitalism', which he described as ‘a mixed system which combines state ownership, regulation or control of certain aspects of economic activity with the drive and initiative of private enterprise'. The purpose of one-nationism is to consolidate hierarchy rather than to remove it, and its wish to improve conditions of the less well-off is limited to the desire to ensure that the poor no longer pose a threat to established order-tradition. The Christian Democrats are also examples of conservatives sup porting tradition.Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian principles to public policy. It emerged in 19th century Europe under the influence of conservatism and Catholic social teaching. The new form of conservatism was committed to political democracy and was influenced by the paternalistic social traditions of Catholicism. There are Conservatives who have challenged tradition, namely, the New Right Recently, it has begun to have a much more complex ideological basis. The New Right was in the 1970s/1980s a movement personified by Ronald Reagan in the USA and Margaret Thatcher in Britain.Its key threads are the free market economics of Milton Friedman and F. A. Hayek, a commitment to individualism and personal responsibility, and a staunchly authoritarian stance on crime and other moral issues. The New Right was, as its name suggests, a significant, distinct break with the conservative thinking that had gone before. It was a radical break with the p ost-war Keynesian ‘social democratic' consensus on the economy, and this can be seen as challenging the old definition of Conservatism. The word ‘radical' only applies if you consider a very limited timeframe, however.The commitment to economic individualism likely came from the fact that, until recently, richer classes had to contribute very little tax. This neo-Conservative principle led to significant change: it has been applied more or less egalitarianly, reducing the tax burden of the poor too (that said, it helps the rich far more than the poor, who now have to pay an increased share of indirect taxes. ) The same can be said of many other core beliefs – not only Margaret Thatcher's ‘Victorian values' and the Reagan-Thatcher cutting of public spending, but the crackdown on trade unions and the new approach to economics developed by Friedman and Hayek.Critics of Conservatism have pointed out that they invariably follow the traditional Conservative agenda , and have claimed that they are just an attempt to give Conservatism a new intellectual foundation. Libertarian Conservatism also counteracts the traditional conservative view on tradition. Liberal ideas have influenced conservatism, especially classical liberal ideas. The New Right has been seen to have usurped traditional conservative ideas in the interests of classical liberalism.Economic liberalism whereby there is a belief in the free market as a self-regulating mechanism that tends naturally to deliver general prosperity and opportunities for all. Liberal conservatives believe that economic liberalism is compatible with traditional, conservative social philosophy based on ideas and values such as authority and duty. Edmund Burke, seen as the founder of traditional conservatism was also a keen supporter of the economic liberalism of Adam Smith. Burke believed the free market is efficient and fair, but it is also, as Burke believed, natural and necessary. The laws of the market are ‘natural laws'.Burke further accepted that working conditions dictated by the market are, for many, ‘degrading, unseemly, unmanly and often most unwholesome', but insisted that they would suffer further if the ‘natural course of things' were disturbed. The capitalist free market could thus be defended on the grounds on tradition, just like the monarchy and the church. However, libertarian conservatives are not consistent liberals and they have a more pessimistic view of human nature, and hence, they support the traditional conservative view on tradition here. A strong state is required to maintain public order and ensure that authority is respected.Some libertarian conservatives are attracted to free-market theories because they promise to maintain and secure social order. In conclusion, one could argue that overall conservatives do support tradition. Different strands of conservatives may find opportunities to disagree with aspects of traditional conservative ideology, however, it must be said that in every strand of conservatism, from traditional conservatives to the New Right to libertarian conservatives tradition is supported in some form, whilst it may not be wholly supported, it is still supported.

The Circumstances of Adolf Hitlers 1943 Death by Suicide

The Circumstances of Adolf Hitlers 1943 Death by Suicide With the end of World War II imminent and the Russians nearing his underground bunker beneath  the Chancellery building in Berlin, Germany, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler shot himself in the head with his pistol, likely after swallowing cyanide, ending his own life just before 3:30 pm on April 30, 1945. In the same room, Eva Braunhis new wifeended her life by swallowing a cyanide capsule. After their deaths, members of the SS carried their bodies up to the Chancellery’s courtyard, covered them with gasoline, and lit them on fire. The Fà ¼hrer Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, beginning the era of German history known as the Third Reich. On August 2, 1934, German President, Paul Von Hindenburg, died. This allowed Hitler to solidify his position by becoming der Fà ¼hrer, the ultimate leader of the German people. In the years following his appointment, Hitler led a reign of terror that embroiled many millions in the Second World War and murdered an estimated 11 million people during the Holocaust.​ Though Hitler promised that the Third Reich would reign for 1,000 years,1 it only lasted 12. Hitler Enters the Bunker As Allied Forces closed in on all sides, the city of Berlin was partially evacuated to prevent approaching Russian troops from seizing valuable German citizens and assets. On January 16, 1945, despite advice to the contrary, Hitler chose to hole up in the vast bunker located below his headquarters (the Chancellery) rather than leave the city. He stayed there for over 100 days. The 3,000-square-foot underground bunker consisted of two levels and 18 rooms; Hitler resided on the lower level. The structure was an expansion project of the Chancellery’s air raid shelter, which had been completed in 1942 and located under the building’s diplomatic reception hall. Hitler contracted Nazi architect Albert Speer to build an additional bunker under the Chancellery’s garden, which was located in front of the reception hall. The new structure, known as the Fà ¼hrerbunker, was officially completed in October 1944.  However, it continued to undergo several upgrades, such as reinforcement and the addition of new security features. The bunker had its own electricity feed and water supply. Life in the Bunker Despite being underground, life in the bunker exhibited some signs of normalcy. The upper quarters of the bunker, where Hitler’s staff lived and worked, were largely plain and functional. The lower quarters, which contained six rooms specifically reserved for Hitler and Eva Braun, contained some of the luxuries that they had become accustomed to during his reign.   Furniture was brought in from the Chancellery offices for comfort and decoration. In his personal quarters, Hitler hung a portrait of Frederick the Great.  Witnesses report that he stared at it on a daily basis to steel himself for the continued fight against outside forces. Despite the attempts  to create a more normal living environment in their underground locale, the strain of this situation was palpable. The electricity in the bunker intermittently flickered and the sounds of war reverberated throughout the structure as the Russian advance grew nearer. The air was stuffy and oppressive. During the final months of the war, Hitler controlled the German government from this dismal lair. The  occupants maintained access to the outside world via telephone and telegraph lines. High-level German officials made periodic visits to conduct meetings on items of importance related to the government and military efforts. Visitors included Hermann Gà ¶ring and SS Leader Heinrich Himmler, among several others. From the bunker, Hitler continued to dictate German military movements but was unsuccessful in his attempt to stop the forward march of Russian troops as they approached Berlin. Despite the claustrophobic and stale atmosphere of the bunker, Hitler rarely left its protective atmosphere. He made his last public appearance on March 20, 1945, when he surfaced to award the Iron Cross to a group of Hitler Youth and SS men. Hitler’s Birthday Just a few days before Hitler’s last birthday, the Russians arrived at the edge of Berlin and encountered resistance from the last remaining German defenders. However, since the defenders consisted of mostly old men, Hitler Youth, and policemen, it didn’t take long for the Russians to sweep past them. On April 20th, 1945, Hitler’s 56th and final birthday, Hitler hosted a small gathering of German officials to celebrate. The event was overpowered by the imminence of defeat but those in attendance tried to put on a brave face for their Fà ¼hrer. Attending officials included Himmler, Gà ¶ring, Reich Foreign Minister Joachim Ribbentrop, Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production Albert Speer, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and Hitler’s personal secretary Martin Bormann. Several military leaders also attended the celebration, among them were Admiral Karl Dà ¶nitz, General Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel, and recently appointed Chief of the General Staff, Hans Krebs. The group of officials attempted to convince Hitler to evacuate the bunker and flee to his villa in Berchtesgaden; however, Hitler put up great resistance and refused to leave. In the end, the group gave in to his insistence and abandoned their efforts. A few of his most devoted followers decided to remain with Hitler in the bunker. Bormann remained along with Goebbels. The latter’s wife, Magda, and their six children also chose to remain in the bunker rather than evacuate. Krebs also remained below ground. Betrayal by Gà ¶ring and Himmler Others did not share Hitler’s dedication and instead chose to leave the bunker, a fact that reportedly upset Hitler deeply. Both Himmler and Gà ¶ring left the bunker shortly after Hitler’s birthday celebration. This did not help Hitler’s mental state and he is reported to have grown increasingly irrational and desperate in the days following his birthday. Three days after the gathering, Gà ¶ring telegraphed Hitler from the villa at Berchtesgaden. Gà ¶ring asked Hitler if he should assume leadership of Germany based on Hitler’s fragile state and the decree of June 29, 1941, that placed Gà ¶ring in the position of Hitler’s successor. Gà ¶ring was startled to receive a reply penned by Bormann that accused Gà ¶ring of high treason. Hitler agreed to drop the charges if Gà ¶ring resigned all of his positions. Gà ¶ring agreed and was placed on house arrest the following day. He would later stand trial in Nuremberg. Upon leaving the bunker, Himmler took a step that was even brasher than Gà ¶ring’s attempt to seize power. On April 23, the same day as Gà ¶ring’s telegram to Hitler, Himmler began movements to negotiate surrender with U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower. Himmler’s attempts did not come to fruition but word reached Hitler on April 27. According to witnesses, they had never seen the Fà ¼hrer so infuriated. Hitler ordered Himmler to be located and shot; however, when Himmler could not be found, Hitler ordered the execution of SS-General Hermann Fegelein, Himmler’s personal liaison who was stationed in the bunker. Fegelein was already on bad terms with Hitler, as he had been caught sneaking out of the bunker the previous day. Soviets Surround Berlin By this point, the Soviets had started bombarding Berlin and the onslaught was unrelenting. Despite the pressure, Hitler remained in the bunker rather than make a last minute escape attempt to his hideaway in the Alps.  Hitler worried that fleeing could mean capture and that was something he was unwilling to risk. By April 24, the Soviets had the city completely surrounded and it appeared that escape was no longer an option. Events of April 29 On the day that American forces liberated Dachau, Hitler began the final steps toward ending his life. It is reported by witnesses in the bunker that shortly after midnight on April 29, 1945, Hitler married Eva Braun. The pair had been romantically involved since 1932, although Hitler was determined to keep their relationship fairly private in its initial years. Braun, an attractive young photography assistant when they met, worshipped Hitler without fail. Although he is reported to have encouraged her to leave the bunker, she vowed to stay with him until the end. Shortly after Hitler married Braun, he dictated his last will and political statement to his secretary, Traudl Junge. Later that day, Hitler learned that Benito Mussolini had died at the hands of Italian partisans. It is believed that this was the final push towards Hitler’s own death the following day. Shortly after learning about Mussolini, Hitler is reported to have asked his personal physician, Dr. Werner Haase, to test some of the cyanide capsules he had been given by the SS. The test subject would be Hitler’s beloved Alsatian dog, Blondi, who had given birth to five puppies earlier that month in the bunker. The cyanide test was successful and Hitler was reported to have been rendered hysterical by Blondi’s death. April 30, 1945 The following day held bad news on the military front. Leaders of the German command in Berlin reported that they would only be able to hold off the final Russian advance for another two to three days, at most. Hitler knew that the end of his Thousand Year Reich was fast approaching. After a meeting with his staff, Hitler and Braun ate their final meal with his two secretaries and the bunker’s cook. Shortly after 3 pm, they said goodbye to the staff in the bunker and retired to their private chambers. Although there is some uncertainty surrounding the exact circumstances, historians believe that the pair ended their lives by swallowing cyanide while sitting on a couch in the sitting room. For added measure, Hitler also shot himself in the head with his personal pistol. Following their deaths, Hitler and Braun’s bodies were wrapped in blankets and then carried up into the Chancellery garden. One of Hitler’s personal assistants, SS Officer Otto Gà ¼nsche doused the bodies in gasoline and burned them, per Hitler’s final orders. Gà ¼nsche was accompanied to the funeral pyre by several of the officials in the bunker, including Goebbels and Bormann. The Immediate Aftermath Hitler’s death was publicly announced on May 1, 1945. Earlier that same day, Magda Goebbels poisoned her six children. She stated to witnesses in the bunker that she did not wish them to continue to live in the world without her. Shortly thereafter, Joseph and Magda ended their own lives, although their exact method of suicide is unclear. Their bodies were also burned in the Chancellery’s garden. On the afternoon of May 2, 1945, Russian troops reached the bunker and discovered the partially burned remains of Joseph and Magda Goebbels. Hitler and Braun’s charred remains were found a couple of days later. The Russians photographed the remains and then reburied them twice in secret locations. What Happened to Hitler’s Body? It is reported that in 1970, the Russians decided to destroy the remains. A small group of KGB agents dug up the remains of Hitler, Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, and the Goebbel’s six children near the Soviet garrison at Magdeburg and then took them to a local forest and burned the remains even further. Once the bodies had been reduced to ash, they were dumped into a river. The only thing not burned was a skull and part of a jawbone, believed to be Hitler’s. However, recent research questions that theory, finding that the skull was from a woman. The Fate of the Bunker The Russian army kept the bunker under close guard in the months following the end of the European front. The bunker was eventually sealed to prevent access and attempts were made to detonate the remains of the structure at least twice over the next 15 years. In 1959, the area above the bunker was made into a park and the bunker entrances were sealed. Because of its proximity to the Berlin Wall, the idea of further destroying the bunker was abandoned once the wall was built. The discovery of a forgotten tunnel renewed interest in the bunker in the late 1960s. The East German State Security conducted a survey of the bunker and then resealed it. It would remain this way until the mid-1980s when the government built high-end apartment buildings on the site of the former Chancellery. A portion of the bunker’s remains were removed during excavation and the remaining chambers were filled with earthen material. The Bunker Today After many years of attempting to keep the location of the bunker secret to prevent Neo-Nazi glorification, the German government has placed official markers to show its location. In 2008, a large sign was erected to educate civilians and visitors about the bunker and its role at the end of the Third Reich.

Why Shakespeares Works Still Live On

Why Shakespeares Works Still Live On Free Online Research Papers Why Shakespeares Works Still Live On William Shakespeare is perhaps the greatest playwright in the history of mankind. He is a global literary icon who is known in every country, city, and household across the globe. Although he has lived and died during the Elizabethan era, his works have survived hundreds of years of change and remain alive and unaltered to this very day. His works, which are considered literary masterpieces, are regarded highly by writers, teachers, and students, since they are epitomes of literature in its various forms. He perfected a wide array of genres- tragedies, comedies, romances, and histories. He even blended some of these genres together and formed the romantic comedy. Shakespeare is popular in the educational world due to the fact that his works encompass universal themes that apply to every time period and place, a diverse set of characters which enable readers to connect with and learn truths about human nature from, and rich language that teaches various literary devices and techniques and how to use them effectively. In his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare introduces universal themes that are timeless; they remain relevant to this very day. The main themes introduced in this play include love, magic, and dreams verses reality. His main focus in this particular play is love. The characters in this play experience the joys and hardships of love. They portray the idea that when people, especially youngsters, are in love, they rely on their instincts rather than reason and therefore act impulsively and rather foolishly. The power and force of love disables their ability to reason. In other words, one can say that love is blind. This theory of love is presented when Helena states: â€Å"Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind; And therefore is winged cupid painted blind. Nor hath love’s mind of any judgment taste† (1.1.240-242). In this quote, Helena clarifies that when a person is in love, he or she lacks judgment and is therefore blind. The blindness and irrationality of love is also portrayed through the characters’ actions. When Hermia elopes with her lover Lysander, and thus risks her life by defying her father’s order, her foolishness due to love is shown. The blindness of love is also depicted when Helena informs Demetrius the plans of Hermia and Lysander in hopes of regaining his love. She does not thoroughly think through her plans before putting them into action, since not only does she betray the trust of her childhood friend Hermia, but she also pushes Demetrius farther away from her, rather than bringing him closer as she had hoped. After being informed of their plan, Demetrius chases after Hermia, causing Helena’s plan to win him back to ultimately backfire. Despite her failure to win his heart, Helena persists in pursuing Demetrius. Even though Helena is aware that her love is unrequited: â€Å"the more I love, the more he hateth me† (1.1.205), she still blindly follows him. Both her bl indness and foolishness are shown when she degrades herself and loses her sense of pride and self-esteem: â€Å"I am your spaniel, and Demetrius, the more you beat me, I will fawn on you. Use me but as your spaniel; spurn me, strike me, neglect me, lose me; only give me leave to follow you.† (2.1.210-214). This shows how pathetic and desperate a person can be, and the things they will do to get love in return. The characteristic Shakespeare gave to Helena is sadly a characteristic that is visible in the world today. People, especially teenagers, take whatever measures in order to win the hearts of those they love. In addition, this blindness is also portrayed when Demetrius and Lysander nearly engage in a duel in order to gain Helena’s love. This is when they are each under the influence of the potion’s spell and are blindly in love with Helena and this power of love pushes them to extreme measures. They would willingly fight one another and endanger their li ves in order to win Helena’s heart. Puck’s comment on the four lovers further signifies their foolishness: â€Å"What fools these mortals be!†(3.2.116). This impulsiveness due to love is visible in the world today since people, especially teenagers, act impetuously and irrationally when it comes to love. Shakespeare also shows that love can cause jealousy, which in turn, can cause a person to resort to revenge and perhaps, even violence. This is portrayed when Oberon is jealous of Titania’s love for the Indian boy. In order to punish her and seek revenge, he orders Puck to put her under a spell in order to force her to fall in love with Bottom, who is quite ridiculously stupid and has a face that is transformed to that of an ass. In addition, due to jealousy caused by love, Helena and Hermia fight, causing their childhood friendship to collapse thus jeopardizing their trust in one another. In addition, there is an unbalance of love throughout this play since in the beginning, both Demetrius and Lysander love Hermia while Helena is cast aside. When the fairies meddle and the characters are under the influence of the magic spell, the unbalance in love becomes even more confusing since both Demetrius and Lysander fall in love with Helena and this time, Hermia is the one left unloved. The unbalance in love depicted throughout this play remains visible to this very day. Everywhere we look, we see that not everyone possesses the hearts of those they love. Although some couples are fortunate enough to love each other, there are plenty of other people who don’t receive the same feelings of love they feel towards someone. The whole world seems to be as if it is a complicated and unbalanced love equation. Shakespeare also teaches readers that with love comes sacrifice. Love is never easy and as Lysander states, â€Å"the course of true love never did run smooth.† (1.1.136). During the play, Hermia sacrifices the relationship with her father in order to be with her true love. Her father Egeus wants her to marry Demetrius, but since Hermia’s heart belongs to Lysander, she refuses to do so and refuses to love someone based on the judgment of another person: â€Å"O hell, to choose love by another’s eyes!† (1.1.142). Despite her father’s disapproval, she elopes with Lysander and thus risks her life and destroys her ties relations with her father. Magic is another theme in the play and it shows the ‘supernatural’ power of love that a human being cannot choose to avoid, just like a spell. This is symbolized by the love potion which brings out the ‘magical powers’ of love. The love potion also tells us that love, like magic, can control us in its own way and can make us blind. Magic contributes largely to create major conflict in the play by creating chaos and tensions. This is seen when Puck mistakenly applies the love potion to Lysander’s eyelids and he falls head over heels for Helena and abandons his former love, Hermia: â€Å"Content with Hermia? No, I do repent the tedious minutes I with her spent. Not Hermia, but Helena I love.† (2.2.120). Demetrius is also under the influence of the magic spell and falls in love with the lady he once despised, Helena. The effect of magic on these characters also shows how capricious emotions are and how they change so abruptly. In addition, magic contributes the dream-like ambiance in the play and makes all the bizarre events in the play acceptable. Although magic creates complications in the play, it ultimately re-stabilizes the situation and resolves tensions created throughout the play. Shakespeare uses magic to make events more suspenseful and cause a sense of concord through discord. People accept the fact that Demetrious and Lysander both loved Hermia, then they both loved Helena, and finally everything was resolved and the love equation reaches its equilibrium. If magic was not involved, people would not have accepted the somewhat bizarre events. Thus, magic ties the loose ends in this novel. Shakespeare’s choice to incorporate magic in his play helps broaden the imagination of his readers and enhance their creative abilities. In fact, the fairies in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream inspired four hundred years of stories and pictures of these butterfly-winged creatures living in the woods. Although some may argue that magic is unreal, it still has an influence on our society, since reading about magic helps readers escape the harsh realities of their lives and visit a dreamlike world, causing them to be more imaginative thinkers. Magic can still be seen today whether it is in plays, movies, or novels such as Harry Potter and The Chronicles Narnia. This shows that magic continues to inspire our society and have an impact on it. A third theme introduced in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream is dreams verses reality. This is portrayed by the two distinctive settings Shakespeare uses in this play; Athens and the enchanted forest. Athens is a harsh, realistic, and lawful place while the forest is an imaginative place where possibilities are endless. Despite the contrast between the two different settings, they complement each other and add a sense of balance to the play. This theme portrays the idea that dreams are necessary to establish reality, since without the ‘dream’ in this particular play, the equation of love would not have been balanced and there would have been no marriage between each of the two lovers. This shows how dreams play a crucial role in the lives of human beings and its significance gives A Midsummer Night’s Dream its name. This theme remains important in our everyday life, for nothing can be achieved without dreaming. To accomplish great things, one must not only act, but also dream; not only play, but also believe. Shakespeare effectively portrays a diverse set of characters in this play. He uses various character types such as stereotypes and archetypes in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These types of character are present to this very day and remain visible in our daily life. For example, the act of stereotyping is something very common nowadays as much as it used to be over four hundred years ago. We can still see stereotyping in books, movies, as well as our everyday lives where people are constantly being discriminated based on their religions, cultural backgrounds, social statuses, and nationalities. As for this play, a person may say that the character Hermia is stereotyped as a rich, beautiful girl who gets everything she desires including love. It is much like today’s society in which people are stereotyped as spoiled if they are rich. Another example of a stereotypical character in this play is the character Bottom. He is the actor who always wants to steal the show and seems to be more interested in his costume rather than his role; he spends much more time worrying about the minor details of the performance such as the color of beard he should wear rather than worrying about his lines: â€Å"I will discharge it in either you straw-color beard, your orange- tawny beard, your purple-in-grain beard, or your French-crown-color beard, you perfit yellow.† (1.2.89-92). Bottom thus verifies many of our cultural stereotypes of actors. Another type of character introduced in this play is archetypes. An example of an archetype is the duke of Athens, Theseus who is portrayed as a fair and just king: â€Å"What say you Hermia?†(1.1.47). This shows the readers how Theseus is the epitome of justice due to the fact that he acts fairly towards people of all statuses. Theseus states this quote when Egeus turns to him in order to discuss his daughter’s decision and how the severe punishment should be enforced if she goes again st his wishes. In response, Theseus tries to connect with Hermia in order to reach an understanding in which both sides are content. Theseus is also the true image Shakespeare draws for Queen Elizabeth, flattering her through his plays. In addition, Shakespeare uses only a few methods of characterization. He depicted the character’s personalities and qualities through their dialogues and how other characters feel about them. He did not include a lot of physical description since he wanted the readers to use their imagination and be able to relate to these characters. Another technique he used was creating different plots with different characters of various social statuses and slowly bringing them together as the play develops. This was intended to show that even people who are worlds apart can meet and interact at some point in their lifetimes. This also makes it easier for each person in the audience to relate to the character most resembling his or her own self, engaging the audience further in the play. In the characters that Shakespeare uses in his plays, they are sometimes successful and at other times their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure. Shakespeare skillfully uses his understanding of human nature to enhance these connections and shape his texts and intuitive relationship with his audiences. His great understanding of human nature just adds more to his fame. This is because he was able to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. Nevertheless he had the ability to create characters that are highly individual human beings in which their struggles in life are universal. Through the actions of his characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he teaches his audience that when one is in love, the ability to reason diminishes and his or her emotions alter their perceptions. This is portrayed when Hermia willingly elopes with Lysander and thus, risks her life. This can also be seen in the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet where the tragic hero of the play, Romeo, is in constant agony with love: Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will! Where shall we dine?- O me! What fray was here? Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Heres much to do with hate but more with love. Why then, O brawling love, O loving hate, O anything of nothing first created! O heavy lightness, serious vanity, misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. (1.1.101-110). From this quote, the reader can comprehend how Romeo is very much in love with someone who does not love exchange his love in return. So as an act of recoil, this young, foolish, impetuous, teenager rushes into what he thinks is falling in love with Juliet, who supposedly returns the same feelings towards him. Yet all would be perfect except for the fact that R omeo and Juliets families are sworn enemies. Thus it is not possible for them to ever be together. This bitter rivalry causes the two lovers to rebel without their parents knowledge, leading up to many negative results such as the death of Romeos friend, Mercutio, and finally the suicide of both Romeo and Juliet due to a misunderstanding. The reason why readers perhaps enjoy Romeo and Juliet the most out of all of Shakespeares play is possibly because they can relate to it and can learn from Romeo how it is not wise to rush into love. Yet at the same time the reader can obviously see the human nature within Romeo and understand his actions since it is not always easy to not have someone you know you are meant to be with, like in this case. Another example of human nature portrayed within Shakespeares play A Midsummer Night’s Dream is when Helena is full of jealousy and she discovers that the man she loves, Demetrius, is truly in love with her best friend, Hermia, rather than in love with her: Call you me â€Å"fair†? That â€Å"fair† again unsay. Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fair! (1.1. 181-182). Shakespeare shows that it is part of human nature to feel jealousy when the person one loves is in love with someone else. Shakespeare also teaches his audience that emotions change and are not everlasting and this is part of human nature. Throughout this play, the characters’ feelings towards certain characters change very abruptly and this portrays the idea that emotions and feelings change all the time. This is portrayed when both Demetrius and Lysander are in love with Hermia, and then are madly in love with Helena. In the end, Lysander is in love with Hermia once again while Demetrius is in love with Helena, thus causing the tangled love equation to finally reach its equilibrium. The characters’ actions and feelings teach the readers various truths about human nature. Through these characters, they not only connect t o them, but they also understand themselves better and gain a better understanding of the world around them. One thing that fascinates everybody, especially today, is Shakespeare’s unique language. Not only does his old English style seem elegant now, but it was also very easy for the audience to understand during Shakespeare’s lifetime, which is one of the main reasons why Shakespeares works have gained popularity at the time, and in turn, survived to this day. In addition to this, he blended grand, poetic language with simple, everyday language in order to attract both the educated and uneducated. For example, the fairies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream speak in fancy, poetic language and this is shown when the fairy says on its first appearance: â€Å"Over hill, over dale, thorough bush, thorough brier, over park, over pale, thorough flood, thorough fire; I do wander everywhere, swifter than the moon’s sphere. And I serve the Fairy Queen, to dew her orbs upon the green. The cowslips tall her pensioners be; in their gold coats spots you see; those be rubies, fair y favors; in those freckles live their savors. I must go seek some dewdrops here and hang a pearl in every cowslip’s ear.† (2.1.2-15). This language, enriched with imagery and poetry, attracted the upper class of educated people. On the other hand, the craftsmen speak in simple, everyday language in order to attract the uneducated. This is shown in parts like: â€Å"I grant you, friends, if you should fright the discretion but to hand us. But I will aggravate my voice so that I will roar you as gently as any sucking dove. I will roar you an ‘twere any nightingale†(1.2.43-46). If all the play was written in the enriched poetic language, the uneducated (which were a majority at that time) would not have understood, and thus Shakespeare’s plays would not have gained all this popularity and might not have even survived to this day. Symbolism usually plays a major role in Shakespeare’s various plays, giving it a lot of intensity and depth. What makes Shakespeare’s symbolism even more unique is that he uses nature and elements from culture as his symbols; even the setting is symbolic. For example, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare uses Athens as the setting of the play to symbolize order, and made the lovers flee to the woods; a place where the Athenian law couldn’t be applied. Since the woods are associated with wild animals and the fairies that rule it, it symbolizes a chaotic area where magic flowers and the lovers, like animals, are driven more by their instincts than their brains. The night also helps emphasize this, for in the dark woods anything can happen. The darkness of the night also symbolizes the blindness of love, which we see very clearly through the tangled love ties that develop later on. Most of the events of the play took place in a moonlit area of the forest , and since during Shakespeare’s time it was believed that the over-exposure to the moon’s rays led to insanity, the moon is a symbol of lunacy. It was also a symbol of fickleness because its shape changes every night. In fact, the moon was mentioned twenty-eight times in the play, which is also very symbolic, for that is a day before the moon completes a full cycle. Perhaps this indicates how the play indeed has an advance to its peak of action when the full moon arose and then the action slowly faded away as the moon disappears in the sky. But the cycle is not complete, since permanent changes have been made and, unlike the moon, the play doesn’t end where it started. Even the title of the play is symbolic, because a mid-summer’s night is the longest night of the year, and even the lovers say this, for example, Hermia says: â€Å"O weary night, O long and tedious night, Abate thy hours! Shine, comforts, from the east,† (3.2.460). It’s clea r from the way she speaks that this night was not a normal one, and that’s why it fits all this action. Midsummer night was also the evening of a grand festival for spirits. Even Oberon and Titania are symbolic characters; their language which is sometimes poetic like the fairies and sometimes normal shows the mix between their supernatural powers and human passions and desires. Symbolism was also used in another Shakespearian play, The Merchant of Venice. This play is set in Venice, Italy, a city that is now associated with romance, clearly reflecting the characters’ romantic relationships. The moon is again used as a symbol when the characters Jessica, Nerissa and Portia reveal their double identities as members of the court. They are sitting in the moonlight, and the moon, as previously mentioned, symbolizes fickleness and change, indicating an important shift in the play. All of these symbols are the biggest of example of how every word Shakespeare said meant somet hing, reflecting the depth of his plays that one is still inspired by till this day. Another one of Shakespeare’s talents is changing a character’s language to show the way that character feels. For example, the lovers normally speak in rhyming couplets: â€Å"Call you me â€Å"fair†? That â€Å"fair† again unsay. Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fair! Your eyes are lodestars and your tongue’s sweet air more tunable than lark to shepherd’s ear† (1.1.184). Helena says this at the very beginning in the palace when Hermia innocently asks her: â€Å"Godspeed, fair Helena. Whither away?† However, this language changes when the lovers enter the forest, under the pressure of emotions generated from the confused situation and the lovers soon give up their rhyming couplets and use blank verses instead: â€Å"Have you conspired, have you with these contrived, to bait me with this foul derision? Is all the counsel we two have shared, the sisters’ vows, the hours that we have spent when we have chid the hasty footed time for parting us – O is all forgot?† (3.2.201). Helena says this to Hermia when both Lysander and Demetrius are under the love spell and start flattering her endlessly. She is clearly confused and the absence of the romantic couplets she used in the first act reveals this. On the other hand-side, Lysander and Demetrius, who are under a love spell during this time, continue to speak in an extremely ‘magically’ elegant poetic language: â€Å"O Helena, goddess, nymph, perfect divine! To what my love shall I compare thine eyne? Crystal is muddy. O, how ripe in show, they lips, those kissing cherries, tempting grow!† (3.2.140) Demetrius, who bitterly hated Helena, is now flattering her; using a metaphor to transform her lips into cherries in blossom. Shakespeare even uses this effect with Hermia, to express her happiness: â€Å"Dark night, that from the eye his function takes, The ear more quick of apprehension makes; Wherein it doth impair the seeing sense, it pays the hearing double recompense. Thou art not by mine eye, Lysander, found; M ine ear, I thank it, brought me to thy sound.† (3.2.181). Hermia says this when she finally finds Lysander in the forest. All these simple changes have a big impact on making the play clearer and bringing each character further into life and making them more realistic. This method of expressing a character’s feelings is still used today, though in a simpler way, like making a character stammer in the middle of a sentence to indicate nervousness. Allusions are a key element in making Shakespeare’s plays more realistic, and glorifying his characters for emphasis. For example, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Oberon, King of the fairies, says: â€Å"Fetch me this herb, and be thou here again ere the leviathan can swim a league† (2.1.179), emphasizing how fast Puck should bring him the ‘love-in-idleness’ flower. The leviathan is a monstrous sea creature mentioned in the Bible. This shows how Shakespeare links the Bible and weaves it’s stories into his own. The importance of love is also emphasized by his multiple allusions to many important figures in Greek mythology in the ten lines: â€Å"My good Lysander! I swear to thee, by Cupids strongest bow, By his best arrow with the golden head, By the simplicity of Venus doves, By that which knitteth souls and prospers loves, And by that fire which burnd the Carthage queen, When the false Troyan under sail was seen, By all the vows that ever men have broke, In number more than ever women spoke, In that same place thou hast appoin ted me, To-morrow truly will I meet with thee. (1.1.168-178). In these lines only, he refers to Cupid: god of love, Venus: goddess of love, and Dido: who loved Aeneas and Troyan (or Aeneas) who was a hero of the Trojan War and the mythological founder of Rome. All of these allusions appeal to the audience, bringing the story closer to their minds’ grasp and revealing the Greek influence on Shakespeare’s plays. Imagery is valid in Shakespeare’s plays to stimulate the audience’s imagination. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream nature and animal imagery helps the audience picture the setting. An example of this is in Act 2, scene 1: â€Å"I know a bank where the wild thyme blows, where oxlips and the nodding violet grows, quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine, with sweet musk-roses and with eglantine: there sleeps Titania sometime of the night, lull’d in these flowers with dances and delight; and there the snake throws her enamell’d skin, weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in.† (249-256). This helps give emphasis to the ‘enchanted forest’ atmosphere. On the other hand: â€Å"You spotted snakes with double tongue, thorny hedgehogs, be not sen; newts and blind-worms, do no wrong, come not near our fairy queen. Philomel, with melody sing in our lullaby; lulla lulla lullaby, lulla, lulla, lullaby: never harm, nor spell nor charm, come our lovely lady nigh; so, good night, with lullaby. Weaving spiders, come not here; hence, you long-legg’d spinners, hence! Beetles black, approach not near; worm nor snail, do no offence.† (2.2.9-24†. Here, imagery is used to emphasize the spooky creatures that inhabit the forest. Imagery is still an important ingredient in present day novels, and this helps engage the readers in the play and use his or her imagination. Though written during the Elizabethan era, Shakespeare’s words have survived during the course of hundreds of years and remain unchanged. His works still effectively engage the readers and have an impact upon their hearts and minds. His works deal with universal themes which can be applied to any time and place. One can draw parallels between the issues Shakespeare deals with in his plays and the problems people face today. In addition, the diverse set of characters he creates enables the audience to relate to them. This is because people perceive themselves in these characters. Also through the errors these characters make, the audience can learn about human nature and behavior, which in effect, helps understand themselves better. Shakespeare’s use of eloquent and rich language provides students with a broad knowledge of literary style and technique, while serving to develop and improve writing skills. His themes, characters, and language make reading his works a tr uly valuable and rewarding experience. Research Papers on Why Shakespeare's Works Still Live OnHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetStandardized TestingMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

African American Civil Rights Short Essay

A century of slavery and half a century of Jim Crows segregation laws, the African American people were finally victorious when the civil rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights act of 1965 were passed. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities and women. Congress finally asserted their authority to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8). Their duty is to guarantee all citizens equal protection including African Americans under the laws of the Fourteenth Amendment. Also the fourteenth Amendment protects voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibits the government from denying any citizen the ability, or right to vote based on race or color. For so long African Americans have been held back due to slavery and Jim Crow laws. After Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) racial segregation was necessary in all public facilities under the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal†. The fact of the matter is that whites and blacks were never equal, just separate. Jim Crow laws were adopted throughout the south to alienate black citizens and physically separate African Americans and whites. These laws institutionalized segregation of African Americans and whites and did not allow access use of the same schools, hospitals, prisons, public parks, housing communities, and even restrooms. Lets remember these facilities were completely unequal. The white facilities were obviously more luxurious in every way, and throughout the whole country it was obvious that in no section blacks were treated equal. The most important goal of these laws was to keep blacks from voting. Whites realized that once blacks were able to vote freely they truly were equal to every citizen. The best way they kept blacks from voting was through literacy tests. Through all the efforts whites were putting to keep blacks from voting they have been successful allowing less than 10% of blacks voting in the south in 1910. These segregation laws stayed until Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson. The decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It was realized after this that racial segregation was ruled a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision paved the way for integration in the south and throughout the United States and was a major win in the civil rights movement. Blacks were most successfully when they were organized. The organized bus boycott, sit-ins, freedom rides, and march on Washington brought national attention to the war on civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr. led these events; his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is world famous now due to the significance of the civil rights movement. These demonstrations were pivotal for the African American community in declaring their liberty. Finally when the Civil rights Act of 1964 passed along with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, discrimination because of race was outlawed and any color human being could vote. Blacks were finally free and were the true winners of the civil rights movement 1950s and 1960s. They were finally equal and there rights were fully instilled. (Sources: The Logic of American Politics) African American Civil Rights Short Essay A century of slavery and half a century of Jim Crows segregation laws, the African American people were finally victorious when the civil rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights act of 1965 were passed. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities and women. Congress finally asserted their authority to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8). Their duty is to guarantee all citizens equal protection including African Americans under the laws of the Fourteenth Amendment. Also the fourteenth Amendment protects voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibits the government from denying any citizen the ability, or right to vote based on race or color. For so long African Americans have been held back due to slavery and Jim Crow laws. After Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) racial segregation was necessary in all public facilities under the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal†. The fact of the matter is that whites and blacks were never equal, just separate. Jim Crow laws were adopted throughout the south to alienate black citizens and physically separate African Americans and whites. These laws institutionalized segregation of African Americans and whites and did not allow access use of the same schools, hospitals, prisons, public parks, housing communities, and even restrooms. Lets remember these facilities were completely unequal. The white facilities were obviously more luxurious in every way, and throughout the whole country it was obvious that in no section blacks were treated equal. The most important goal of these laws was to keep blacks from voting. Whites realized that once blacks were able to vote freely they truly were equal to every citizen. The best way they kept blacks from voting was through literacy tests. Through all the efforts whites were putting to keep blacks from voting they have been successful allowing less than 10% of blacks voting in the south in 1910. These segregation laws stayed until Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson. The decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It was realized after this that racial segregation was ruled a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision paved the way for integration in the south and throughout the United States and was a major win in the civil rights movement. Blacks were most successfully when they were organized. The organized bus boycott, sit-ins, freedom rides, and march on Washington brought national attention to the war on civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr. led these events; his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is world famous now due to the significance of the civil rights movement. These demonstrations were pivotal for the African American community in declaring their liberty. Finally when the Civil rights Act of 1964 passed along with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, discrimination because of race was outlawed and any color human being could vote. Blacks were finally free and were the true winners of the civil rights movement 1950s and 1960s. They were finally equal and there rights were fully instilled. (Sources: The Logic of American Politics)

Inflation Control by Government of UK Economy Essay

Inflation Control by Government of UK Economy - Essay Example The rate of overall fixed capital formation in the UK is depressed by the very low level of public investment. During the 1970s and much of the 1980s the UK endured persistently high inflation. Despite high levels of unemployment, wage increases in the 1980s exceeded productivity growth, provoking strong upward pressure on prices. The boom of the late 1980s created a new inflationary surge, painfully controlled only by high interest rates and the early 1990s recession. Since then, however, the UK's inflation performance has improved markedly. The government has preferred measure of inflation, the RPIX (which excludes mortgage interest payments), has fluctuated within a narrow range in recent years and even came in below the official central target of 2.5% in 1999-2001. Meanwhile, inflation as measured by the EU's harmonised index averaged just 1.2% over 2001, the lowest rate in the EU. Two aspects of the UK's recent inflation performance are worth recording, however. The first is that there has been a significant divergence since mid-1998 between goods and service sector inflation, with the latter accounting for most of the increase in the consumer price index. In fact, in many parts of the goods sector (notably clothing, footwear and audio-visual equipment); prices actually fell in 2000 and 2001. A second aspect worth noting is the sharp (and probably unsustainable) appreciation of sterling's trade-weighted exchange rate since 1996, which has exerted considerable downward pressure on import prices. This paper discusses the inflation control methodologies in United Kingdom from 1994 to 2004. It shall also discuss how UK has managed its inflation in the last few decades. The paper shall also provide recommendations for inflation control by effective governance. Historical Monetary and Fiscal policies of UK Monetary policy The UK has experimented with numerous frameworks for monetary policy over the past 15 years. In the 1980s, the Conservative government tried in vain to target various measures of the money supply, before deciding to target the exchange rate. After "tracking" the D-mark in the late 1980s, the UK joined the EU's exchange-rate mechanism (ERM) in October 1990, only to be ejected two years later, in September 1992, when speculative pressures forced sterling out of the ERM. Following its exit, the UK was one of the first OECD countries to adopt inflation control. An inflation target range of 1-4% was initially set, but responsibility for setting interest rates remained with the government. When the Labour government came to power in 1997, its first significant decision was to grant operational independence for setting interest rates to a newly constituted Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) within the Bank of England. The responsibility fo

Psychological Route to War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychological Route to War - Essay Example The act of war is a decision with the ultimate consequence. With such magnitude that comes with the declaration of war, it becomes imperative to understand the political and historical context that comes with such a decision. "The constitution makes the President Commander in chief of the armed forces but requires that Congress appropriate all money for the military. The president appoints ambassadors, but the Senate must confirm them. The president can sign treaties, but they have no meaning unless the Senate, by a two-thirds vote, ratifies them. Congress must 'declare' war, but the United States has often gone to war without any formal declaration. The reason is simple: America backs its fighting forces, and when they are put in harm's way, Congress pays their bills," (Wilson p.348). With such insurmountable risks at hand, the psychological reasoning behind resorting to a declaration of war to resolve conflict is an imperative idea to assess and analyze. To have one person be given the Godly role of placing people in a perilous situation, the psychology of what leads them there is tantalizing to contemplate. Humans by nature find themselves at one point in their lives being in the position of having to make a decision that has ramifications of monumental proportion. Psychology Today writes that, "War is probably the second most popular activity with the human race," says psychologist Lawrence LeShan, Ph.D., author of the recently published book, The Psychology of War (Helios Press, 2002). "Making love," he concedes, "is the first." In his book, LeShan argues that war's popularity stems from its unique ability to resolve two major psychological needs. It fulfills our sense of independence by assigning it a purpose, and it fulfills our need for community by establishing boundaries between 'us' and 'them,'" Adding that, "We say we love peace, but it doesn't actually excite us," says LeShan. "Even pacifists talk more about the horrors of war than the glories of peace." Battle generates perceptions so attractive that they can shift people from a rational perspective to one of "war mode," the idealized perception of crusading against evil. But as LeShan notes, After it's all over, you might have solved one problem, but you won't have solved all of the m," (Allen p.1). Humans, as a sign of their nature, can find themselves letting their subconscious desires filter into the decision making capabilities of their logical mindset on the outside. It is those unspoken desires which can lead the person into the most dangerous situations, with the direst of conclusions, or lead them into the most amazing of successes. In the end, as it comes down to it, the chips ultimately fall wherever they may and it is up to whomever is at the helm to make the important decisions with only their natural resolve, as well as the conviction of their psyches, to guide them as best as they see fit at the present time. To assess the psychological reasoning behind the act of declaring war, one must

Harry potter Community Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harry potter Community - Assignment Example Fantasy and illusion may hide these realities but they exist and I know that for sure. Perhaps this is the reason why I see myself in him. Why I am comfortable and at ease to write about this as my discourse community. I can identify with him and his world. If it weren’t for the timely response of the nephew, Harry, a person listening in on the conversation would not have known of the reason why that day was considered by Mr. Vernon as the best day of the week. So what if there is no post on Sundays? The family does not like receiving letters? Are they angry at the postman? – These are just some of the questions that the listener to the conversation would ask. The truth is, the reason goes deeper and is even uglier than the answers to these simple, innocent and trivial questions. Mr. Vernon likes receiving letters for that meant that people liked him well enough to write to him. He feels important when he receives letters. When he found out that his nephew, a â€Å"nobody† and a person who just eats scraps from his table and wears his old oversized clothes were receiving letters that angered him. How could a â€Å"nobody† be more important than him? Because of his mounting anger, he took to getting the letters addressed to the nephew from the postman and burning them. A tedious task for he had to wait for the postman. He has been doing this for a week now and he truly felt relieved that he would not be doing it again that day. On this day, the nephew was standing near the window awaiting orders as if he was a footman. He was not allowed to sit on the chairs in the living room. A privilege enjoyed only by the immediate family. This unspoken rule was meant to show hierarchies in the household. When the conversation began it was just between the immediate family. To further emphasize the exclusivity or the

Poverty and students achievement Research Proposal

Poverty and students achievement - Research Proposal Example Problem to be investigated A. Purpose of the study (including assumptions) The purpose for this study is to study the poverty achievement gap, which affects children from poor backgrounds. Through a variety of researches that have been conducted in this area, it has been established that children who are brought up in poverty are likely to perform poorer in their academic work than their peers from privileged households. Besides, this study will investigate different strategies and policies that can be implemented to alleviate this problem. B. Justification of the study The educational achievement by students is highly dependent on the state’s and districts’ educational policies as well as the available resources, which facilitate classroom instructions, among many other tasks (Shields, 1991). The educational stakeholders should support the efforts for offering essential facilities and assistance in order to ensure that all students, including those from poor family bac kgrounds, achieve their educational goals. Allington (1991) maintains that federal, state, and district policies ought to be cautiously premeditated with the purpose of outlining the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of a variety of policies in finishing the poverty achievement gap. C. Research question, hypotheses, and propositions Research questions 1. ... 2. If proper mechanisms are put up and all the education stakeholders come on board, the impact of poverty on education can be addressed, to a great extent. 3. There are exists alternative strategies and opportunities for alleviating the damaging impacts of poverty on education. D. Definition of terms Poverty – this is the lack of adequate financial resources to cater for basic needs and services such as education, food, water, shelter, and lighting among other amenities. Education – this is numeracy, literacy, and basic understanding of science and an individual’s environment as attained in pre primary, primary, secondary and tertiary levels of learning. Impacts – this is the consequences of a particular state of affairs and in this case poverty. E. Brief overview of study Poverty has varying impacts on various sectors of development, one such sector is the educating sector. Relative or absolute poverty leads to low enrollment, low retention, high dropout and illiteracy rates since the poor cannot afford the high costs associated with education. Stakeholders in this sector are partly to blame because of inaccessibility, poor quality and high costs associated with education at all levels. A successful education program must be accessible, affordable and of standard quality to all citizens especially the poor. This study will investigate the manner in which this societal problem can be resolved. II. Background and review of related literature A: Theoretical framework The link between poverty and education can be explained through Developmental Systems Theories (DST) (Bronfenbrenner, 1994). These theories are associated with ecological theory and expounds on the linkages between different levels ranging from

Performance management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance management - Assignment Example In this respect, the employees are subjected to mandatory competition law training. Furthermore, they are required to report suspected, actual, or attempted actions that do not comply with the law to relevant authorities. So as to avoid conflict of interest and accusations of corruption, the company prohibits its employees from giving or receiving payments to or from any person in connection with receiving favorable treatment or business advantage (Qantas Airways Limited n.d). The company encourages people to raise issues that are of legitimate concern to them to the company’s management. So as to encourage good performance, the company rewards its employees by giving them remuneration packages that are sufficiently competitive. In addition, the company has several recognition programs that go a long way in rewarding exemplary performance (Qantas Airways Limited n.d). The company appreciates the fact that the good performance of employees is directly related to their level of training. In this regard, the company supports employees in their endeavors to get more training and education. The company’s supervisors are charged with the responsibility on ensuring that employees are monitored continuously, not only when progress review is due. By monitoring employees individually and as a team the supervisors get to identify problems with performance early and work on correcting